La confiance, un ingrédient indispensable à l'éducation

"Il n'y a pas d'éducation sans autorité, ni sans confiance". Cette affirmation de Laurence Cornu ouvre le nouveau numéro de la Revue internationale d'éducation de Sèvres (n°72) qui réunit "Confiance, éducation et autorité". Pourtant la problématique de la confiance ne se pose pas dans les mêmes termes dans la dizaine de pays étudiés par la revue du CIEP. Particulièrement criante en France, la crise de confiance envers l'Ecole appelle des réponses variées et peut-être pas uniquement pédagogiques...

"Chaque pays se confronte à la crise de l'autorité ainsi qu'aux défauts de confiance", écrit Laurence Cornu (université de Tours) qui a coordonné le numéro. "On voit à quel point le champ pédagogique n'est pas indépendant du social, du politique et de ses événements, à quel point la confiance y est tributaire de ses épreuves contemporaines".

Les bases pédagogiques de la confiance

Mais dans son introduction, Laurence Cornu pose surtout la question en termes politiques et pédagogiques. "La difficulté de l'éducation démocratique est qu'elle doit concilier le respect des droits et libertés reconnus aux enfants avec le devoir de les protéger dans leurs droits créances", écrit-elle.

Il revient à Denis Meuret de traiter du cas français. Et il le fait d'une façon originale en posant d'abord la nécessité et même la rentabilité de la confiance dans une démocratie. "Le déficit de confiance réduit significativement le revenu par habitant", rappelle t-il en citant Algan et Cahuc. Pour l'Ecole il observe la même "rentabilité" pédagogique quand les maitres et els élèves se font confiance.

Pour autant plusieurs enquêtes OCDE (PIAAC, TALIS) montrent que le système éducatif français entretient beaucoup moins sur la confiance que ceux d'Amérique du Nord. Ainsi seulement la moitié des élèves français jugent que leur professeur s'intéresse à l'apprentissage de tous les élèves (contre 69% aux Etats-Unis). Seulement 67% trouvent que le professeur maintient l'ordre en classe (contre 82%). 66% des élèves français se disent traités avec justice (contre 87%). Il trace ainsi les bases d'une pédagogie de la confiance.

Marchandisation et confiance

Une dizaine d'autres pays font l'objet d'articles. La Finlande clôt le numéro sur l'exemple d'un pays où la confiance est une valeur clé d'un système éducatif qui attache beaucoup d'importance au climat scolaire. Un article particulièrement intéressant montre comment la marchandisation de l'école pourrit la confiance au Cambodge, les enseignants finissant les programmes en vendant des leçons particulières pour vivre. Au Bénin c'est la tradition de l'école coloniale, avec ses violences et ses abus, qui résiste à l'évolution de la société. Mais la revue traite aussi de la Nouvelle Zélande, du Portugal, du Chili, de l'Angleterre et du Brésil. Elle propose ainsi un large panorama.

Du coup on en regrette davantage l'absence d'une approche sociologique sur le cas français. L'article de Denis Meuret est de grande qualité. Mais quand même. La France est le pays de la Journée du refus de l'école. C'est celui d'un système éducatif dont les inégalités sont quasi quotidiennement dénoncées. Ajoutons que c'est apparemment celui qui a le plus besoin de construire une nouvelle alliance entre parents, élèves, enseignants et institution.

Une analyse sociale de cette perte de confiance, qui n'est pas liée qu'à des raisons pédagogiques, nous semble s'imposer. A moins qu'on préfère ne faire l'économie ?

François Jarraud

Confiance, éducation et autorité, Revue internationale d'éducation de Sèvres, n°72, ISBN 978-2-85420-611-1

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La France est le pays de la Journée du refus de l'école » (??)

« Une analyse sociale de cette perte de confiance, qui n'est pas liée qu'à des raisons pédagogiques, nous semble s'imposer ». Comme d’habitude, le mal vient du « Social », c'est-à-dire d’ailleurs… Comme les inégalités, l'orientation, le niveau en math....etc. Le social, on vous dit, le social. Ca ne mange pas de pain le social et c'est sacrément commode.

Cette perte de confiance n’est certes pas liée seulement à des "raisons pédagogiques" mais il se trouve que les "raisons pédagogiques "nous appartiennent et que peut-être nous pouvons agir dessus.

Et si l’on veut vraiment passer par le social et que l’on admet que la confiance se paye aussi d’exemples, imaginons que le milieu enseignant cessent sa défiance automatique à l’égard du ministère, que les syndicats cessent leur défiance automatique à l’égard du gouvernement, que les parents d’élèves cessent leur défiance automatique à l’égard des enseignants (et inversement), que les directions d’établissement cessent leur défiance automatique à l’égard des enseignants (et inversement)…etc..

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La confiance, un ingrédient indispensable à l'éducation

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